Wet processing in textiles
Wet processing in textiles
Textile finishing involves multiple processes that vary based on fabric type and intended application. It can be categorised into three main stages:
Pretreatment:
Desizing
Scouring/cleaning
Bleaching
Mercerising
Drying (often done using cylinder dryers in continuous processing)
Colouring:
Yarn dyeing (including spun-dyed yarns)
Fabric dyeing (varied dyeing processes based on material composition)
Rotary and flat-bed screen printing
Inkjet printing
Transfer printing
Finishing:
Impregnation: Application of functional chemicals for properties such as crease resistance, flame retardancy, and water repellency
Drying: Removing excess moisture
Fixation: Ensuring that applied chemicals adhere permanently and do not wash out
Mechanical treatments: Processes such as calendaring for a smoother finish, sanforisation to reduce shrinkage, and decatising (especially for wool fabrics)
The cumulative environmental impact of all these processes is considered when calculating the footprint of textile finishing.
Why chemical toxicity is not considered in data collection
Why chemical toxicity is not considered in data collection
The textile industry relies on a vast array of chemicals, ranging from simple compounds like sodium chloride and hydrogen peroxide to complex dye formulations and coatings. Many of these chemicals are pre-mixed and sold commercially without full disclosure of their composition. Additionally, due to incomplete or missing information in Safety Data Sheets (SDS), it is often impossible to determine the exact chemical composition and its environmental impact. Given the unpredictability of chemical reactions during textile processing, estimating toxicity-related impacts could lead to grossly inaccurate results. To maintain credibility and reliability, tex.tracer does not report impact categories related to chemical toxicity.
Continuous vs. discontinuous dyeing
Continuous vs. discontinuous dyeing
Continuous dyeing: A high-speed, automated process suitable for large-scale production, ensuring uniform colour application. This method typically includes a foulard (chemical application), a steamer (reaction phase), a washing range (removal of excess chemicals), and a drying range (stenter or cylinder dryer).
Discontinuous dyeing: A batch process that offers flexibility for smaller production runs and customised colours. Examples include jet dyeing machines and jiggers. Yarn dyeing processes are typically discontinuous.
Continuous dyeing is preferred for efficiency and consistency, whereas discontinuous dyeing allows for greater customisation but may have a higher environmental impact.
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